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Indian Journal of Weed Science


Print ISSN: 0253-8050
Online ISSN: 0974-8164

NAAS rating: 5.84

Chief Editor

J.S. Mishra
Dr. J.S. Mishra
Principal Scientist, Division of Crop Research,
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region,
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800014 (Bihar)
Mobile - +91 9494240904
Email- editorisws@gmail, jsmishra31@gmail.com

Associate editors

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Dr. Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Queensland Alliance for Agricultureand Food Innovation
Level 2, Queensland Bioscience Precinct
The University of Queensland
St Lucia QLD 4069, Australia
Email: b.chauhan@uq.edu.au
A.N. Rao
Dr. A.N. Rao
Hydarabad, INDIA
Mobile Number: +91 9440372165
Email: adusumilli.narayanarao@gmail.com

CALL FOR RESEARCH PAPER

Indian Journal of Weed Science is inviting your articles, review article, Research article and Research note on all topics of weed science. IJWS welcomes quality work that focuses on research, development and review. We are looking forward for strict compliance to the modern age standards in all these fields. Authors across the globe are welcome to submit their research papers in the prestigious journal fulfilling the requisite criterion.

Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) is inviting papers for the VOL-53, ISSUE-1 March-(2021)


Article submission guideline

Enter your login details for IJWS below. If you do not already have an account you will need to.. Register here
Author login
  • Author Instruction
  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.

CALL FOR RESEARCH PAPER

Indian Journal of Weed Science is inviting your articles, review article, Research article and Research note on all topics of weed science. IJWS welcomes quality work that focuses on research, development and review. We are looking forward for strict compliance to the modern age standards in all these fields. Authors across the globe are welcome to submit their research papers in the prestigious journal fulfilling the requisite criterion.

Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) is inviting papers for the VOL-51, ISSUE-4 December-(2019)


Article submission guideline

Enter your login details for IJWS below. If you do not already have an account you will need to.. Register here
Author login
  • Author Instruction
  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.
Read More

Guidelines for Authors

Indian Journal of Weed Science is a quarterly journal publishing original research article, research notes, opinion articles and review articles (invited or with prior approval of the title reflecting substantial contributions of the author) covering all areas of weed science research. All contributions must be of a sufficient quality to extend our knowledge in weed science.

The papers submitted should not have been published or communicated elsewhere. Authors will be solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their contribution. Manuscript should not carry any material already published in the same or different forms.

  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Format

Full length article should be suitably divided into the following sub-sections; ABSTRACT, Key words, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and REFERENCES. The heading, introduction need not be mentioned in the text.

Title

The title of article should be informative but concise and should not contain abbreviations. It should indicate the content of the article essential for key word indexing and information retrieval. It should be set in small and bold letters. A good title briefly identifies the subject, indicates the purpose of study and introduces key terms and concepts. Title should not be started with the waste words like 'a study of', 'effect of', 'influence of' , 'some observations on', 'a note of' etc. The title should indicate preferably English name or most popular common name of the crops or organisms studied, wherever relevant. Scientific name can be given in abstract and introduction. Authority for such a name should be given at first mention in the text. A short title should be given for running headlines and should cover the main theme of the article.

Author(s) name(s) and affiliations

The name(s) of the author(s) should be given in small letters with sentence case separated by 'comma' or by 'and'. Institute name where the research was carried out should be given in italics. If authors are of different institutes, these can be mentioned by allotting number like 1, 2 or 3 as superscript over the name of author. The affiliation of such author may be given below of the corresponding author email address. Sometimes authors retire and change frequently and wish to give their current address, this should be given as foot note. Email address of main author or corresponding author should be given at the bottom.

Abstract

The abstract should contain at least one sentence on each of the following: objective of investigation (hypothesis, purpose, collection, result and conclusions). Give complete scientific name for plants or other organisms and full name of any symbol or abbreviations used. There is a need to mention place, name and priod of study in abstract. Emphasis should be given to highlight the results and the conclusion of the study. It should not exceed a total length of 200-250 words. Abstract should not have the words like 'will be explained or will be discussed'.

Key words

(5 6) should be given at the end of the abstract and should be arranged alphabetically. Each key word should be started with capital letter and separated by comma ( , ) from other words.

Introduction

Introduction should be brief and to the point, cover the problem and should justify the work or the hypothesis on which it is based. In introduction, a detail review is not necessary. However, to orient readers, important references about previous concepts and research should be given. It should briefly state the currently available information and should identify the research gap that is expected to be abridged through this investigation. Give preference to recent references from standard research publication unless it is of historical importance or a landmark in that field.

Materials and Methods

This part should begin with information relating to period/season/year and place of study, climate or weather conditions, soil type etc. Treatment details along with techniques and experimental design, replications, plot size etc. should be clearly indicated. Use of symbols for treatments may be avoided and an abbreviation should be fully explained at its first mention. Crop variety, methodology for application and common cultivation practices should be mentioned. Known methods may be just indicated giving reference but new techniques developed and followed should be described in detail. Methods can be divided into suitable sub-headings, typed in bold at first level and in italics at second level, if necessary.

Results and Discussion

Results may be reported and discussed together to avoid duplication. Do not mention and recite the data in the text as such given in the table. Instead interpret it suitably by indicating in terms of per cent, absolute change or any other derivations. Relate results to the objectives with suitable interpretation of the references given in the introduction. If results differ from the previous study, suitable interpretation and justification should be given. Repeated use of statements like 'our results are in agreement’ or ‘similar results were reported’ 'should be avoided. At the end of results and discussion, conclusion of the study should be given in 2-3 sentences along with suggestion for further study, if any. All statistical comparisons among treatments may be made at P=0.05 level of probability.

Acknowledgement

The authors may place on record the help and cooperation or any financial help received from any source, person or organization for this study. This should be very brief.

References

Only relevant and recent references of standard work should be quoted. Preference should be given to quote references of journals over proceedings or reports. In general, not more than 15 references should be quoted in full paper and 5 in short communication. However, in review article, emphasis should be given to quote more references with each valid statement/findings in the text. There is no need to give references for standard procedures of soil and plant analysis, and for routine statistical analysis in practice, only the methodology may be indicated. As a thumb rule, all the references quoted in the text must appear at the end of the article and vice-verse. It has been decided to use full name of the journal after the year 2011 onwards. Therefore, references should include names of all authors, year, full title of the article quoted, full name of the journal in italics (no abbreviations), volume number (in Bold), issue number (in brackets) and pages. For books, monographs, theses etc. full title in italics, publisher or university name, volume no., if any, and relevant page range or total no. of pages should be given. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically on author's names and chronologically per author. Author name should be started with surname and initial letter with capital letter. There is no need to separate author's initials by full stop but it should be given in capital letters without gap. Each author name should be separated by comma (,) and last author name by ‘and’. A few examples of correct citation of references for Indian Journal of Weed Science are given below:

Singh Samunder, Punia SS, Yadav A and Hooda VS. 2011. Evaluation of carfentrazone-ethyl + metsulfuron-methyl against broadleaf weeds of wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science 43(1&2): 12-22.

Neeser C and Varshney Jay G. 2001. Purple nutsedge; biology and principles for management without herbicides, Indian Journal of Pulses Research 14(1): 10-19.

Naseema A, Praveena R and Salim AM. 2004. Ecofriendly management of water hyacinth with a mycoherbicide and cashew nut shell liquid. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 10(1&2): 93-100.

Arya DR, Kapoor RD and Dhirajpant. 2008. Herbicide tolerant crops: a boon to Indian agriculture, pp 23-31. In: Biennial Conference on Weed Management in Modern Agriculture: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities. (Eds. Sharma RS, Sushilkumar, Mishra JS, Barman KK and Sondhia Shobha), 27-28 February 2008, Patna. Indian Society of Weed Science, Jabalpur.

Anonymous. 2006. Long-term herbicide trial in transplanted lowland rice-rice cropping system, pp 62-68. In: Annual Progress Report, AICRP on Weed Control, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

DWSR. 2010. Annual Report, 2010-11, pp 35-37. Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur.

Gopal B and Sharma KP. 1981. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) the most troublesome weeds of the world. Hindasia Publisher, New Delhi, 129 p.

Sushilkumar, Sondhia S and Vishwakarma K. 2003. Role of insects in suppression of problematic alligator weed (Altemanthera philoxeroides) and testing of herbicides for its integrated management. Final Report of ICAR Adhoc Project, 39 p.

For Web references: the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. e.g. http://www.faostat.fao.org (accessed 21 May 2019)

Length

Paper TypeMaximum Length (including tables and figures)
Research Article6000 words
Research note4000 words
Review8000 words
Mini-Review5000 words

Units, abbreviations and nomenclature

For physical units, unit names and symbols, the SI system should be employed. Biological names should be given according to the latest international nomenclature. Upon its first use in the title, abstract and text, the common name of a weed should be followed by the scientific name (genus, species and authority) in parentheses. If no common name exists in English, the scientific name should be used only. At the first mention of an herbicide or other chemical substance, give its generic name only. Trade names should not be used. Biological and zoological names, gene designations and gene symbols should be italicized. Yield data should be reported in kg/ha or t/ha. All such letters such as viz., et al., in situ, ex situ, Rabi, Kharif, i.e., etc. should be italicized.

Tables and figures

Tables and figures should be concise and limited to the necessary minimum. We encourage the authors to set tables and figures at the appropriate places in the article but if it is not possible, the same may be given separately. The title should fully describe the contents of the table and explain any symbol or abbreviations used in it. The standard abbreviations of the units of different parameters should be indicated in parentheses. Vertical lines should not be given in the tables and horizontal lines should be used to separate parameters and end of the table.

Figures may be preferred in place of table. In no case the same data should be presented by both tables and figures. While presenting data through line graphs, vertical bars, cylinders, pie charts etc, the same should be preferred with black lines or bars having different clear symbols and shades. The graphs chosen with colours reproduce poorly and should not be given unless it became necessary.

Some useful tips

Avoid numerals and abbreviations at the beginning of a sentence. Don't use superscript for per hectare, ton or meter (kg ha-1 or t ha-1) instead use kg/ha or g/m2, t/ha, mg/g, ml/l etc. Prefer to mention yield data in t/ha only. If it becomes necessary, give yield in kg/ha but not in quintal. Don't use lakh, crores or arabs in text, instead give such figures in million. Only standard abbreviations should be used and invariably be explained at first mention. Avoid use of self-made abbreviations like iso., buta., rizo., etc. Don't use first letter capital for names of plant protection chemicals but it should be used for trade names. Use of treatment symbols like T1 T2 T3 etc. should be avoided. All weights and measurements must be in SI or metric units. Use % after double digit figures, not per cent, for example 10% not 10 per cent. In a series of range of measurement, mention the units only at the end, e.g. 3,4,5 kg/ha instead of 3 kg/ha, 4 kg/ha and 5 kg/ha. Nutrient doses as well as concentration in soil and plant should be given in elemental form only, i.e. P and K should not be given as P2O5 K2O. A variety may be mentioned within single quotes in italic such as 'Pusa Basmai', 'Kufri Sinduri' etc. Statistical data should be given in LSD (P=0.05) instead CD (P=0.05).

Authors are requested to see the recent issue of the journal to prepare the manuscript as per the journal's format.

Manuscript submission

Manuscripts must conform to the journal style (see the latest issue). Correct language is the responsibility of the author. After having received a contribution, there will be a review process, before the Chief Editor makes the definitive decision upon the acceptance for publication. Referee's comments along with editors comments will be communicated to authors as scanned copy/soft copy through email. After revision, author should send back the copy of revised manuscripts to the Chief Editor, ISWS by e-mail only.

Editorial Board reserves the right to suitably modify, accept or reject the MS in view on the reviewer's advice.

We encourage submission of paper only by electronically via E-mail as one complete word document file. When preparing your file, please use only Times New Roman font for text (title 16, all heads 14 and text of 12 point, double spacing with 1.5" margin all the sides) and Symbol font for Greek letters to avoid inadvertent character substitutions.

All manuscripts should be submitted Online (http://www.isws.org.in/login_IJWS.aspx). For authors unable to submit their manuscript online

To see sample copy to prepare the manuscript, please Log on: http://www.isws.org.in/IJWSn/Journal.aspx

Peer Review Policy

All published articles in Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) are subjected to rigorous peer review processes based on initial editor screening and anonymized refereeing by two referees. The ultimate purpose of peer review is to sustain the originality and quality of research work and filtration of poor quality and plagiarized articles. Peer review assures research quality.

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.

Peer Review Policy

The practice of peer review is to ensure that only good science is published. It is an objective process at the heart of good scholarly publishing and is carried out by all reputable scientific journals. Our reviewers therefore play a vital role in maintaining the high standards of the (Indian Journal of Weed Science) Journal of Management and Research and all manuscripts are peer reviewed following the procedure outlined below.

Initial manuscript evaluation

The Editors first evaluate all manuscripts. In some circumstances it is entirely feasible for an exceptional manuscript to be accepted at this stage. Those rejected at this stage are insufficiently original, have serious scientific flaws, have poor grammar or English language, or are outside the aims and scope of the journal. Those that meet the minimum criteria are passed on to experts for review.

Authors of manuscripts rejected at this stage will be informed within 2 weeks of receipt.

Type of Peer Review

The (Indian Journal of Weed Science) employs double blind review, where the reviewer remains anonymous to the authors throughout the process.

How the reviewer is selected

Reviewers are matched to the paper according to their expertise. Our reviewer database contains reviewer contact details together with their subject areas of interest, and this is constantly being updated.

Reviewer reports

Reviewers are asked to evaluate whether the manuscript:

  • Is original
  • Is methodologically sound
  • Follows appropriate ethical guidelines
  • Has results which are clearly presented and support the conclusions
  • Correctly references previous relevant work

Reviewers are not expected to correct or copyedit manuscripts. Language correction is not part of the peer review process. Reviewers are requested to refrain from giving their personal opinion in the "Reviewer blind comments to Author" section of their review on whether or not the paper should be published. Personal opinions can be expressed in the "Reviewer confidential comments to Editor" section.

How long does the peer review process take?

Typically the manuscript will be reviewed within 2-8 weeks. Should the reviewers' reports contradict one another or a report is unnecessarily delayed a further expert opinion will be sought. Revised manuscripts are usually returned to the Editors within 3 weeks and the Editors may request further advice from the reviewers at this time. The Editors may request more than one revision of a manuscript.

Final report

A final decision to accept or reject the manuscript will be sent to the author along with any recommendations made by the reviewers, and may include verbatim comments by the reviewers.
Chief Editor's Decision is final
Reviewers advise the Editors, who are responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.

Special Issues / Conference Proceedings

Special issues and/or conference proceedings may have different peer review procedures involving, for example, Guest Editors, conference organizers or scientific committees. Authors contributing to these projects may receive full details of the peer review process on request from the editorial office.

Becoming a Reviewer for the (Indian Journal of Weed Science)

If you are not currently a reviewer for the (Indian Journal of Weed Science) but would like to be considered as a reviewer for this Journal, please contact the editorial office by e-mail at (editorisws@gmail.com), and provide your contact details. If your request is approved and you are added to the online reviewer database you will receive a confirmatory email, asking you to add details on your field of expertise, in the format of subject classifications.

Editorial Board

Editorial office:

Office Manager, Indian Society of Weed Science, ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Maharajpur, Jabalpur, India 482 004

Publisher Address:

Secretary, Indian Society of Weed Science, ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Maharajpur, Jabalpur, India 482 004

Principal Scientist
Division of Crop Research
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800014 (Bihar)

Chief Editor J.S. Mishra 9494240904 jsmishra31@gmail.com

The University of Queensland
St Lucia QLD 4069, Australia

Associate Editor Bhagirath Singh Chauhan b.chauhan@uq.edu.au

Consultant,
ICRISAT,
International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics
Patancheru, Hyderabad

Associate Editor A.N. Rao 9440372165 adusumilli.narayanarao@gmail.com

Editors

Professor,
Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU,
Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Ashok Kumar Yadav 9416995523 aky444@gmail.com

Professor & Head,
Division of Agronomy
FoA, Main Campus,
Chatha, SKUAST-Jammu (J&K)

B.C. Sharma 9419152428 drbhagwati@gmail.com

Principal
Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture
Affiliated to TNAU)
Manakkadavu, Pollachi-642103 (Tamil Nadu)

C. Chinnusamy 9443721575 chinnusamyc@gmail.com

Scientist,
ICAR - Directorate of Weed Research,
Jabalpur (Madhya Padesh)

Dibakar Ghosh 8989190213 dghoshagro@gmail.com

Principal Scientist
Department of Agronomy,
Assam Agricultural University
Jorhat - 785013 (Assam)

I.C. Barua 9435094326 iswar_barua@yahoo.co.in

Principal Scientist
PJTSAU, Hyderabad-30 (Telangana)

M. Madhavi 9491021999 molluru_m@yahoo.com

Assistant Agronomist
Directorate of Agriculture (Govt. of WB)
Kolkata 700001, West Bengal

Malay Kumar Bhowmick 9434239688 bhowmick_malay@rediffmail.com

Associate Professor
(Soil Science & Agrl. Chemistry)
Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College & Research Institute (TNAU),
Trichy (Tamil Nadu)

P. Janaki 9443936160 janakibalamurugan@rediffmail.com

Assistant Chemist (Residue),
Department of Agronomy,
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhina-141 004 (Punjab)

Pervinder Kaur 9646105418 pervi_7@yahoo.co.in

Sr. Agronomist, Directorate of Extension Education
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana – 141004 (Punjab)

Simerjeet Kaur 9814081108 simer@pau.edu

College of Horticulture,
Vellanikkara. Thrissur – 680 656, (Kerala)

T. Girija 9447004940 girijavijai@gmail.com

Principal Scientist,
Directorate of Maize Research,
Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

C.M. Parihar 9013172214 pariharcm@gmail.com

Indexing Indexing & Abstracting Services


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Volume- 47 | Issue-3 (Jul-Sep) | Year 2015

Weedy rice invasion and its management
C.T. Abraham and Nimmy Jose
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:216-223 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is the complex of morphotypes of Oryza species, evolved largely by natural hybridization between wild and cultivated rice. With diverse biotypes, weedy rice has already infested large rice growing areas across the globe. It has also become a threat in major rice tracts of eastern and southern India. The weed has distributed in the commercial rice fields especially in areas where farmers have switched to direct-seeding due to labour shortage and high cost. Weedy rice has competitive advantage over cultivated rice as it grows taller and faster, tillers profusely and competes with cultivated rice for nutrients, light and space. It flowers much earlier than cultivated rice and produces grain that shatter easily thus enhancing the weed seed bank. Survey conducted has revealed the presence of weedy rice variants with respect to morphological characters like number of tillers per plant, height of plant, length of ligule, panicle characters, colour of grains, and length and colour of awns. Management of weedy rice infestation is complex mainly because of its morphological similarities to cultivated rice and lack of herbicides for selective control of weedy rice in cropped fields. Management options found effective for the control of weedy rice in direct seeded puddled rice include pre sowing surface application of oxyfluorfen  0.3 kg/ha, three DBS in thin film of water and selective drying of weedy rice panicles by direct contact application of glufosinate-ammonium or glyphosate or paraquat 15- 20% concentration at 60-65 DAS using specially designed wick applicator. Stale seedbed technique with dry and wet ploughing followed by the application of a broad spectrum herbicide and flooding proved to be effective in exhausting soil seed bank. Integrated management strategies are to be adopted for effective control of weedy rice.

 

Email

ctabraham@yahoo.co.in

Address

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680 656
Weed management in lowland rice
B. Duary, M.M. Mishra, R. Dash and K.C. Teja
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:224-232 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

Lowland rice ecosystem in India is infested with complex weed flora including semi-aquatic and aquatic weeds. Recently weeds having mimics with rice, perennial and other weeds which propagate by vegetative means are emerging as major threat. Weeds cause yield losses from 15 to 76% in rice crop. Besides, weeds remove about 21-42 kg N, 10-13.5 kg P and 17-27 kg K/ha in transplanted rice. Research on weed management in lowland rice in India has been reviewed in this paper with respect to weed flora and their impact, biology and ecology of weeds, weed management methods and future thrust areas of research and management. The weed flora in lowland rice is very much diverse and dynamic over times and places. Very limited information is available on biology and ecology of major weeds. Studies have been carried out on cultural, manual, mechanical, chemical means of weed management. Shortage of labours, lack of suitable weed control implements and problem of specific weeds have compelled the farmers to think for alternative strategies and herbicides have been the obvious choice to the farmers. Many herbicides either alone or in combinations as ready or tank mixed have been recommended in India. Studies on integrated weed management have also been undertaken. But majority of researches focused on herbicide based IWM. Future research and weed management in lowland rice should be focused on ecophysiology and biology of major weeds, HR genetically modified rice, integrated weed management, exploring biocontrol agents and screening and use of allelopathic and weed competitive rice cultivars.  

Email

bduary@yahoo.co.in

Address

Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal 731 236
Weed management in zero-till wheat
A.P. Singh, Makhan S. Bhullar, Ramawatar Yadav and T. Chowdhury
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:233-239 |
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Abstract:

In India, wheat covers an area of 30 Mha with 3.1 t/ha productivity. Rice–wheat system has started showing the signs of fatigue. Certain reports say that the wheat yield reduces by 8% when sown after puddled transplanted rice compared to wheat sown after direct-seeded rice. The conventional method of wheat sowing by repeated tillage delays the sowing by 10 to 15 days, which adversely affect yield. To curtail problems faced by intensive tillage in rice and delayed sowing of wheat, adoption of no or reduced tillage is a viable option. The high input requirement and less competitive nature of high yielding dwarf wheat varieties have provided conducive environment for weed infestation. The average yield losses caused by weeds in different wheat growing zones ranged from 20 to 32%. Uncontrolled weeds in wheat caused 60.5% reduction in wheat grain yield under CT and 70% in ZT conditions. Potential solutions include a shift from intensive tillage to no or reduced tillage and/or from transplanting to direct-seeding. Zero tillage ameliorates the problem of delayed sowing as well as reduces weeds like Phalaris minor in wheat. A shift from an intensive tillage to reduced/no tillage system cause major changes in weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and weed seed recruitment. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this article to review works done on several aspects of weed management in zero-till wheat.

Email

apsinghagron@gmail.com

Address

Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492 012
Weed management in zero till-maize
M. Yakadri, P. Leela Rani, T. Ram Prakash, M. Madhavi and N. Mahesh
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:240-245 |
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Abstract:

Rainy season maize contributes 85% of the total maize area in India. Among major Rabi maize growing States, earlier Andhra Pradesh contributed maximum with 45.5% share. The present review reveals that Echinochloa colona L. is the most dominant weed species with importance value index (IVI) of 37.64 followed by Panicum repens L. (32.29), Trianthema portulacastrum L. (16.33) and Digera arvensis L Forsk (13.37). Wider spacing and initial slow growth of maize during the first 3-4 weeks provides enough opportunity for weeds to invade and offer severe competition, resulting in 30-93% yield losses. Among weed management practices, hand weeding twice at 15-21 DAS and 30-42 DAS, and integrated weed management like pre-emergence application of  atrazine 1.5 kg/ha, pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, atrazine + alachlor 0.75 + 1.25 kg/ha, or alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective. Among sequential applications, atrazine as pre-emergence 1.25 kg/ha, or pendimethalin as pre-emergence 1.5 kg/ha followed by paraquat 0.6 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sowing or atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as pre-emergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DAS were found economical with higher gross returns, net returns and B:C.

Email

leelagro@gmail.com

Address

College of Agriculture, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030
Weed management in millets: Retrospect and prospects
J.S. Mishra
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:246-253 |
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Abstract:

Millets are important staple foods in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Low productivity and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic factors are the major reasons for declining area and productivity of millets in India. As the millets are grown predominantly in the hot and humid rainy season, weeds deprive these crops of vital nutrients and moisture and reduce the yield considerably. Because of wider row spacing and slow initial growth in millets, weeds are more problematic during initial crop growth period, and hence, early control is needed to optimize the yield. The objective of this paper is to review the research that has been conducted pertaining to various aspects of weed management in different millets while also identifying key knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future research. Literature suggests that satisfactory weed control can be achieved with integration of pre-emergence herbicides with one manual/mechanical weeding. Additionally, future research is needed to evaluate the post-emergence herbicides that are the best suited for different millets and millet-based intercropping systems to improve weed control and reduce environmental impacts, including herbicide residues.

Email

jsmishra31@gmail.com

Address

ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar 800 014
Weed management in maize-based cropping system
Anil Kumar, Jai Kumar, R. Puniya, Amit Mahajan, Neetu Sharma and Lobzang Stanzen
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:254-266 |
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Abstract:

Maize (Zea mays L), being a C4 plant, is one of the most vibrant food grain crops under diverse edaphological conditions. In India, maize-wheat is by and large a predominant cropping system that is followed on a large scale, particularly in central and northern part of the country. The low productivity of maize in India, as compared to major maize growing countries of the world, can be attributed to several limiting factors, of which poor weed management poses a major threat to crop productivity. The most important weeds that can be associated with maize/maize-based cropping systems in the country are Echinochloa colonum, Brachiaria ramosa, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Setaria glauca, Sorghum halepense, Panicum spp. Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria setigera, Digitaria ciliaris, and Leptochloa chinensis among grasses; Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parvif]ora, CommeIina benghalensis, Undernia cilata, Polygonum hydropiper, Euphorbia geniculata, Oxalis latifolia, Celosia argentea, Cleome viscose, Sida acuta, Aschynomene indica, Acanthospermum hispidum, Portulaca oleracea, Phyllanthus niruri, Amaranthus viridis, Acalypha indica, Tridax procumbens, Ipomoea pestigridis, Parthenium hysterophorus and Euphorbia hirta among non-grassy weeds and Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria among sedges. In the rainy season, it was reported thet the emergence of maize and weeds was simultaneous and the first 20-60 days was the most critical period of competition for the crop. However, in winter maize the period beyond 30 days and up to 45 days after sowing was detrimental to maize growth. In India, presence of weeds reduce the maize yields by 27-60%, depending upon the growth and persistence of weed population. The agronomic manipulations, viz. tillage and inter-cultivation, intercropping, mulching, cover crops, crop rotation, higher seed rate or plant populations, planting at closer spacing, nutrient management, planting methods, and other agro-techniques are used for weed management in maize/maize-based cropping systems. However, herbicides play a key role providing an option of economical weed management.

Email

anillau@gmail.com

Address

Division of Agronomy, FOA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main campus, Chatha, Jammu, J&K 180 009
Weed management in pigeonpea-based cropping systems
Ramanjit Kaur, Rishi Raj, T.K. Das, Kapila Shekhawat, Raj Singh and Anil K. Choudhary
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:267-276 |
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Abstract:

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., syn. Cajanus indicus Spreng), also known as arhar, tur, redgram, congopea, no eye pea, is one of the most important pulse crop of India in terms of acreage and production. Worldwide, it is grown on an area of 4.75 million hectares with 3.68 million tonnes of production (FAO 2012). Its grains are highly nutritious and rich in protein (21.7%), carbohydrates, fibre and minerals that constitute the main source of dietary protein to all vegetarian people, especially in developing countries. Weed infestation in pigeonpea is severe at the initial period during first 6-8 weeks, when the crop requires to be kept free from weeds. Chemical weed control is most promising, although there are cultural options like intercropping, crop rotation, closer spacing, tillage, etc. which could reduce the weed infestation in pigeonpea and pigeonpea-based cropping systems. Intercropping of pigeonpea with soybean (2:4) had smothering effect on weeds and resulted in 32% more grain yield than in sole crop. In pigeonpea, pre-emergence applications of pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha was found most effective with 21.4% higher grain yield. Integration of the components of production technologies enhanced the productivity of pigeonpea by 29.8% with 27.2% higher net returns. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this article to review works done on several aspects of weed management in pigeonpea-based systems.

Email

ramaan180103@yahoo.com

Address

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
Weed management in vegetable and flower crop-based systems
Makhan S. Bhullar, Tarundeep Kaur, Simerjeet Kaur and Ramawatar Yadav
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:277-287 |
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Abstract:

Vegetable and floricultural crops are major components of the horticultural industry in India. Weed management is an important aspect in the successful production of these crops. Weeds reduce crop yields, lower their quality and increase costs of production. They host pests and diseases thereby raising the need to control them as well. Weed management may involve non-chemical and or chemical methods. The decision of method to be used depends on the environmental conditions, available labour, weed population, the crop, desired management practices and the cost of controlling weeds. The major aim is to manage the weed population to a level below that will cause a reduction in economic return for the farmer. An integration of different control methods, therefore, needs to be addressed in future research. Furthermore, specific researches on weed management in horticultural crops in India need to be addressed. This article attempts to highlight important weed flora of vegetables and flower crops in India and some of the management strategies that could be used to manage these weeds.

Email

bhullarms@pau.edu

Address

Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004
Climate change, crop-weed balance and the future of weed management
V.S.G.R. Naidu
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:288-295 |
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Abstract:

Ever increasing global population, rapid industrialization, increased fossil fuel consumption, deforestation etc. lead to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. IPCC reports provide strong evidence that rising CO2 and other trace gases could lead to a 3±12°C increase in global surface temperatures with subsequent effects on climate. Relationship between climate change and agriculture is of particular importance as the world population and world food production showing imbalance under pressure. As mean temperature increases, weeds expand their range into new areas. Climate change is likely to trigger differential growth in crops and weeds and may have more implications on weed management in crops and cropping systems. Growth at elevated CO2 and elevated temperatures would result in anatomical, morphological and physiological changes that could influence herbicidal uptake rates, besides translocation and overall effectiveness. Climate change has an indirect influence on the occurrence of weeds via crop management and land use. There is a possibility that agricultural weed populations will evolve new traits in response to emerging climate and non-climate selection pressures. Reducing the impacts of weeds and preventing new weeds are essential to increasing the resilience of ecosystems and giving native species the best chance to deal with the adverse impacts of climate change.

Email

naidudwsr@gmail.com

Address

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-CTRI. Rajahmundry, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 533 105
Problem weeds and their management in the North-East Himalayas
Jayanta Deka and Iswar Chandra Barua
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:296-305 |
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Abstract:

The North East Himalayan region recognized as one of the seven biodiversity hotspots of the world where Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese, and Indian bio-geographical realms have converged. Based on the elevation, climate and soil conditions, water availability and socio-economic aspects, different agro-ecosystems are prevalent in the north eastern India. However, the  agro-ecosystems of the region can be broadly classified as   i)  Jhum agro-ecosystem,  ii) Terrace land agro-ecosystem, and iii) Valley land agro-ecosystem. The major production ecosystems of the region are: rice, jute, sugarcane, tea, horticultural crops and forest and wetland. Shifting cultivation is a primitive agricultural system still practiced in some of the hill areas which is characterized by uniqueness of weed problem and its weed flora is primarily governed by altitude, slope of the land, jhum-cycle and fallowing, burning, rainfall, run-off, crops and cropping geometry and many other relevant issues like biotic interference coupled with climatic factors. The nature and severity of weed menace in different crop ecosystems vary according to the agro-ecosystems in which the crop is grown. Weeds are one of the main production constraints in all crop ecosystems. The common agronomic factors contributing to weed problems in different crops are inadequate land preparation, seed contamination with weed seeds, use of poor quality seeds, broadcast seeding in lowlands, use of overage rice seedlings for transplanting, inadequate water management, inadequate fertilizer management, mono-cropping, labour shortages for weeding operations, delayed herbicide applications and other interventions. In this article, the distribution of weeds and their management practices are reviewed exhaustively.

Email

jayantadeka.2008@rediffmail.com

Address

AICRP on Weed Management, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785 013
History, progress and prospects of classical biological control in India
Sushil Kumar
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:306-320 |
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Abstract:

First successful classical biological control of a weed (prickly pear) was achieved unintentionally in India when cochineal insect, Dactylopius ceylonicus was mistakenly introduced from Brazil in place of D. cacti to produce dye from Opuntia vulgaris. This incident led to biological control of weeds. From 1863 to 1868, it was introduced to southern India, which was first successful intentional use of an insect to control a weed. In 1926, D. opuntiae, a North American species, was imported from Sri Lanka and its colonization resulted in spectacular suppression of Opuntia stricta and related O. elatior. So far in India, about 30 exotic biological control agents have been introduced against weeds, of which six could not be released in the field, 3 could not be recovered after release while 21 were recovered and established. From these established bioagents, 7 are providing excellent control, 4 substantial control and 9 partial control. Biological agents, mainly insects provided excellent biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia elatior and O. vulgaris by D. ceylonicus and  D. opuntiae; Salvinia molesta by weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae; water hyacinth by weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae and galumnid mite Orthogalumna terebrantis; and Parthenium hysterophorus by chrysomelid beetle Zygogramma bicolorata. Some introduced bioagents did not prove success but providing partial control like of Lantana by agromyzid seedfly, Ophiomyia Lantanae, tingid lace bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa, Diastema tigris, Uroplata girardi, Octotoma scabripennis and Epinotia lantanae; Chromolaena odorata by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata; Ageratina adenophora by gallfly, Procecidochares utilis; submerged aquatic weeds such as Vallisneria spp. and Hydrilla verticillata in fish ponds by grass carp. There are many bioagents which have been introduced in other countries and have shown varying degree of success through combined effect. In Australia, 9 bioagents have been introduced against Parthenium alone. Such successful bioagents need to be introduced in India against some of the problematic weeds like Parthenium, water hyacinth, Pistia, alligator weed etc.

Email

sknrcws@gmail.com

Address

ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004
Allelochemicals from Parthenium for water hyacinth control
D.K. Pandey
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:321-328 |
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Abstract:

Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant coined to multifarious activities including its role as an obnoxious weed with tremendous economic and aesthetic implications. Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a terrestrial weed often put in the category of world’s worst weeds now assuming status of India’s national weed affecting human health, agriculture, environment and natural biodiversity with tremendous economic implications. The weed has toxic and phytotoxic constituents comprising of phenolics and terpenoids- two major chemical classes implicated in toxic and allelopathic interactions of the species. The species has wide range of constituents in its plant parts, but a few allelochemicals have been investigated for water hyacinth control. Many phenolic acids have been investigated for inhibitory activity on water hyacinth, of which p-hydroxybenzoic acid appeared to be of potential herbicidal activity at 100 ppm, a lethal level for the aquatic weed. Major sesquiterpene lactone parthenin is another allelochemical which has been shown to be a potential herbicidal for water hyacinth at 100 ppm, which killed the weed irrecoverably.  Investigations undertaken on the aspect of control of water hyacinth by Parthenium allelochemicals showed that allelochemical crude and constituent allelochemicals and other secondary metabolites from Parthenium leaf herbicidal for the water hyacinth. The allelochemicals could be used under certain situations for managing a weed (water hyacinth) by another weed (Parthenium) fostering a concept of weed against weed. The little work undertaken so far on screening of Parthenium constituents including allelochemicals for herbicidal activity on water hyacinth and other aquatic weeds pointer to necessity of taking up the investigations on these lines intensively, which might facilitate the development of natural herbicides and their formulations and provide lead for the development of newer synthetic herbicides with novel chemistry for more effective and environment friendly management of water hyacinth and other aquatic weeds.

Email

dayapandey@hotamail.com

Address

ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004
Herbicide residues and their management strategies
P. Janaki, Neelam Sharma, C. Chinnusamy, N. Sakthivel and C. Nithya
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 47 Page No:329-344 |
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Abstract:

Herbicides have become obligatory for increasing the agricultural production and to maintain the non-cropped area free from weeds and pests. In general, herbicides are formulated in such a way that they degrade from the environment after completion of their intended work, but a few of them persist in the environment and pose a serious hazard to the succeeding crop and also to the surroundings. Mostly the triaizines, isoxazolidinones, imidazolinones and a few of sulfonylureas are persistent herbicides.  Hence, it is essential to compile the available literature on the management of herbicide residues in the soil environment. In this review, the management aspects were covered under five broad categories, viz. cultural and mechanical, enhanced degradation, deactivation, reducing the availability in soil, and removing from the site of contamination. From the review, it was found that the integration of mechanical and cultural management practices with herbicides for managing weeds is a viable protecting option since the safeners exhibit varying behaviour in soil on influencing the herbicide persistence. Further, the combination of bioaugmentation and biostimulation along with the organic matter addition might be a promising technology to accelerate the biodegradation. Although it requires extensive field evaluation studies, biostimulation in conjunction with other tools like crop rotation and increasing the organic matter content is definitely a promising technique for managing the herbicide persistence minimizing its residue in the soil.

Email

janakibalamurugan@rediffmail.com

Address

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003

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